TM 990 Series 16-bit Microcomputer Modules

Page Contents

small arrow Description
small arrow Modules and Associated Documentation I Have
small arrow Firmware and Software I Have
small arrow Other Documentation I Have
small arrow Other Documentation Available on the Internet
small arrow Using VDP Interrupts - Tutorial
small arrow Connecting a Serial Mouse
small arrow TM 990 Etch-a-Sketch
small arrow Eyeballing for Donations
small arrow TM 990/510 4-Slot Backplane PCBs Available
small arrow Other Interesting Bits

Description

Brochure Front Cover Photo The TM 990 Series 16-bit Microcomputer Modules were marketed by Texas Instruments in the early 1980's. The TM 990 range offers a do-it-yourself building block approach to solving application problems. Based around the 16-bit TMS 9900 microprocessor family, the TM 990 modules offer traditional minicomputer power (for the time!) for dedicated controller applications. The modules were often used in factory automation schemes as remote, intelligent, cost-effective stations, for prototyping, and for test equipment to improve production.

The TM 990 range includes a low-cost development system which uses audio cassettes for storage and allows programming of EPROMs. The TM 990/302 Software Development Board, populated with appropriate firmware, supports 9900 Assembler and Power BASIC programming. Power BASIC has a number of extensions which enable full manipulation of the hardware resources of a 9900-based system. Interrupts can be handled within its high-level environment or transparently in assembler language. Microprocessor Pascal, both interpretive and compilative versions, was also available.

If you have any TM 990 equipment or documentation I'd be interested in hearing from you, possibly with a view to sharing information and swapping EPROM images and software. Contact me at ti99@stuartconner.me.uk.

Latest! Remanufactured TM 990/510 4-slot backplane PCBs now available. Contact me for details.

Modules and Associated Documentation I Have

Module Hardware/Firmware Documentation
TM 990/100MA Microcomputer

tm 990/100m

• TMS 9900 16-bit CPU • Up to 1K byte of RAM • Up to 8K bytes of EPROM • DMA to off-board and on-board memory (requires external control circuitry • TMS 9901 programmable system interface • One serial I/O port using TMS 9902 asynchronous communications controller (or TMS 9903 synchronous communications controller optional plug-in replacement) • Two programmable interval timers • Prototyping area for custom applications
TM 990/100MA Microcomputer, with:
• 8 off TMS 4042* (256 × 4) RAMs
• 2 off 2708 (1K × 8) EPROMs with TIBUG Monitor (TM 990/401-1 Rev. A, locations U42 and U44)

* Two RAM ICs dead when I obtained the board, so have fitted compatible AM9111 (P2111) devices.

The memory decode PROM fitted at location U17 is labelled "991575". The I/O decode PROM fitted at location U23 is labelled "991574".

RS-232 connection to PC:
RS-232 connection to PC
 
TM 990/401-1 TIBUG Monitor Listing (June 1977, MP324) [for the TM 990/100 microcomputer, /401-3 version for the TM 990/101 is slightly different]

T-Bus specification from Microsystems Designers Handbook
TM 990/101MA Microcomputer

tm 990/101ma

• TMS 9900 16-bit CPU • Up to 4K bytes of RAM • Up to 8K bytes of EPROM • DMA to off-board and on-board memory (requires external control circuitry • TMS 9901 programmable system interface • Two serial I/O ports using TMS 9902 asynchronous communications controllers (one TMS 9903 synchronous communications controller optional plug-in replacement) • Three programmable interval timers • Edge-triggered interrupt, with software reset • CPU-addressable LED and DIP switch for customer applications
 
TM 990/101MA Microcomputer, with:
• 8 off 2114* (1K × 4) RAMs
• 2 off 2708 (1K × 8) EPROMs with TIBUG Monitor (TM 990/401-3 Rev. A, locations U42 and U44 [hex dumps])
• 2 off 2708 (1K × 8) EPROMs with Line-By-Line Assembler (TM 990/402-1, locations U43 and U45 [hex dumps])

* No RAMs fitted when I obtained the board, so have fitted compatible U214D20 devices from www.andysarcade.net.

The memory decode PROM fitted at location U19 is labelled "991588".

RS-232 connection to PC: same as for the TM 990/100 board above
TM 990/101MA Microcomputer User's Guide (March 1980, MP337) (or selected scanned pages from later May 1980 version)

TM 990/101MA page from Microsystems Designers Handbook

TM 990/402 Line-By-Line Assembler User's Guide (November 1977, MP325) (includes software listing)

T-Bus specification from Microsystems Designers Handbook
TM 990/101MB Microcomputer

tm 990/101mb

As TM 990/101MA above, but with • Up to 16K bytes of RAM • Up to 32K bytes of EPROM
 
This module was bought as a spare part for a Varian 120/160/180 XP ion implanter, where it is used as part of the control system.

The board is fitted with:
• 2 off Intel D2732A (4K × 8) EPROMs, containing a copy of the TIBUG Monitor plus Varian software
• 1 off Motorola M5M5165P-10L (8K × 8) RAM
• 1 off STM MK48T02B-15 (2K × 8) TimeKeeper RAM

A couple of tracks on the board have been cut and jumper wires soldered on. These are to (1) configure the two RAM ICs into a 2K × 16 memory area plus 6K × 8 memory area configuration, and (2) to invert address line A10 applied to the TimeKeeper RAM to move the bytes that contain the clock information from the top of the RAM memory area to the middle (with the memory configuration used by Varian, the top of the RAM memory area is at the top of the memory map, which contains the Load interrupt vector).

Capacitors are fitted at positions C18 and C23 to debounce the /PRES.B and /RESTART.B inputs and to force a power-on reset.

The memory decode PROM fitted at location U19 contains the memory map data specified in the addendum to the User Guide - so the PROM is likely to be original.
 
TM 990/101MB Addendum to the TM 990/101MA User Guide
TM 990/201-43 Memory Expansion Module

tm 990/201

• 32K bytes of TMS 2716 EPROM • 16K bytes of TMS 2114 static RAM • Fully socketed • Jumper selectable access time • TTL-compatible interface
 
TM 990/201-43 Memory Expansion Module, with:
• 16 off 2716 (2K × 8) EPROMs (originally with TMS 5100 and TMS 5200 voice synthesis processor data programming firmware, locations U56 to U70, labelled "C-V3 1983 TI", plus location U71, labelled "RM CS" [hex dumps])
• 32 off 2114* (1K × 4) RAMs

* Original RAMs fitted are actually compatible TMM314APL-1 devices.
 
TM 990/201 & 206 Expansion Memory Modules User's Guide

TM 990/201 page from Microsystems Designers Handbook (page includes DIP switch settings for RAM and EPROM memory map)
TM 990/302 Software Development Module

tm 990/302

• Stand-alone software development system supporting program generation, editing, assembly, debugging and EPROM programming • For use with either TM 990/100M or TM 990/101M microcomputer modules • Provides dual or single audio cassette interface, both static RAM and ROM memory and hardware circuitry for programming EPROMs • Programming options - TMS 2708, TMS 2716, TMS 2508, TMS 2516, TMS 2532 • 4K × 16 EPROM or preprogrammed ROM • 2K × 16 RAM • Memory expandability for additional performance - TM 990/201, TM 990/206 or TM 990/203 • Optional Power BASIC development software residing in ROM (12K bytes)
 
TM 990/302 Software Development Module, with:
• 4 off 2716 (2K × 8) EPROMs with Software Development Module firmware (locations U14 to U17, labelled "2212004-01 to 04, R1.5" [hex dumps]*)
• 8 off 2114** (1K × 4) RAMs
• TM 990/514 EPROM Programming Personality Module (for 2708 and 2716 EPROMs)
• TM 990/515 EPROM Programming Personality Module (for 2508, 2516 and 2532 EPROMs)

* The module was it seems used in a system with the Development Power BASIC software as a handwritten paper with the board notes how to swap these EPROMs for the TM 990/451 Development Power BASIC and TM 990/452 Development Support Option EPROMs, and the EPROMs are fitted in ZIF sockets plugged into the board so they were presumably removed and replaced frequently.

** One RAM was faulty and I have replaced it with a compatible U214D20 device.

The memory decode PROM fitted at location U28 is labelled "1212016" [hex dump]. Location XU12 still contains the "2212017 U12" PROM needed to use the module with the TM 990/100 microcomputer (see the Hardware User's Guide, section 2.5.2).

The board requires a 35 - 55V dc power supply from which to derive the +25V programming pulses for the EPROMs. I have used an Ault Model PW118 48V supply found on eBay.
 
TM 990/302 Software Development Module User's Guide (June 1980, MP343)

TM 990/302 Hardware User's Guide (July 1980, MP344 Rev. C) (includes circuit diagrams)

TM 990/514 and TM 990/515 EPROM Personality Programming Cards (November 1978, MPB12)

TM 990/302 page from Microsystems Designers Handbook
TM 990/305 I/O Expansion Module

tm 990/305

• Combination memory and I/O module • Memory capacity up to 16K bytes using TMS 2516 EPROMs, up to 32K bytes using TMS 2532 EPROMs, or up to 16K bytes using TMS 4016 RAMs • Memory map configuration is jumper selectable • 32 optically isolated I/O lines: 16 are dedicated input lines and 16 are user-configurable I/O lines • Designed to accommodate pin-compatible static RAMs
 
TM 990/305 I/O Expansion Module, with:
• 8 off 4016* (2K × 8) RAMs
• 16 off TIL 117 opto-isolators
• 4 off TIL 119 opto-isolators

* The TMS 4016-45NL devices originally fitted were working fine but the pins were quite badly tarnished. It seems that the pins had also become quite brittle as a couple of pins broke off all but two of the devices when cleaning them. Replacement TMS 4016-25NL devices are now fitted from www.syracusesemiconductors.com.
TM 990/305 Combination Memory and I/O Expansion Module (April 1979, MPB28)

TM 990/305 page from Microsystems Designers Handbook
TM 990/1241S (RTI-1241S) Combination Analogue I/O Interface Module

tm 990/1241s

• Up to 32 single-ended or 16 differential inputs to 12-bit A/D converter, with software-programmable gain • Two 12-bit D/A outputs • On-board 10V precision reference • Memory-mapped I/O interface • Made by Analog Devices
 
TM 990/1241S (RTI-1241S) Combination Analogue I/O Interface Module, with
• Optional ±15V DC-DC converter
• Optional 4-20mA current loop V to I converter
Analog Devices RTI-1241S Module Datasheet

Analog Devices DAS1151 A/D Converter Datasheet

Analog Devices AD562 D/A Converter Datasheet

Analog Devices 940 DC-DC Converter Datasheet
TM 990/511 Extender Board

• Extender board for operating TM 990 modules outside the card cage
 
TM 990/511 Extender Board TM 990/511 Extender Board (October 1977, MP333)
TM 990/512 Universal Prototyping Board

tm 990/512

• Universal prototyping board allows custom interface to TM 990 bus • Has GND and 5V planes, two power strips for ±12V, plus two power strips for user-selectable voltage option
 
TM 990/512 Universal Prototyping Board -
TM 990/520 8-Slot Card Cage

tm 990/520
(photo shows 4-slot TM 990/510 card cage)

• 8-slot card cage with 0.75 inch board separation • Back panel contains address bus, data bus, interrupt and control lines to permit memory, I/O and DMA expansion of CPU modules • 10-terminal barrier strip on back panel permits connection of the following signals as required: Reset, Restart, ±5V, ±12V, ±15V, GND
 
TM 990/520 8-Slot Card Cage

Remanufactured TM 990/510 4-slot backplane PCBs are now available. Contact me for details.
TM 990/510, 520 Card Cages (February 1979, MP341)
TM 990 IDE Interface Module

tm 990 ide interface

• 16-bit IDE interface module • Tested with several hard disks and CF adapters/cards • Memory mapped I/O, memory map configuration is jumper selectable on a 1K byte boundary
 
IDE interface module. Designed by me, with PCB manufactured through ExpressPCB.

Have developed software to save/load memory to files on a disk, format a disk, catalogue a disk, display drive information, explore a disk sector-by-sector, and so on.

Further work will be to enable the system to boot into a disk-based operating system.
Hardware documentation

Source code
TM 990 64K Memory Module

tm 990 64K memory

• 64K byte battery-backed RAM module • Memory address space split into 16 4K blocks, each of which can be enabled/disabled and write-protected using DIP switches
 
64K byte battery-backed RAM module. Designed by me, with PCB manufactured through ExpressPCB.

Tacking a 16 segment bar graph LED onto the output of the address decoder gives a useful visual indication of which memory block(s) most memory accesses are taking place in.
Hardware documentation
TM 990 Video Display Processor and Sound Module

tm 990 video display processor

• TMS 9918A video display processor • 16K byte video RAM • NTSC composite video output • Commodore 6581 SID (Sound Interface Device) • Built-in audio amplifier and speaker • Memory mapped I/O, memory map configuration is jumper selectable on a 1K byte boundary
 
Video display processor and sound module, using a TMS 9918A VDP and Commodore 6581 SID sound chip. Designed by me, with PCB manufactured through ExpressPCB.

tm 990 video display processor example 1

tm 990 video display processor example 2
[Yin-Yang based on code by Matthew Hagerty]

Simple demo of video and sound capability available here.
 
Hardware documentation

TMS 9918A/TMS 9928A/TMS 9929A Video Display Processors Manual (November 1982, MP010A)

SID 6581 Data Sheet

There is a tutorial on using the VDP interrupts below.

Firmware and Software I Have

Monitor Program

Assemblers/Disassemblers

High Level Languages

Other

Utilities

Other Documentation I Have

Other Documentation Available on the Internet

At https://archive.org/search.php?query=tms9900:

At VintageComputer.net:

In the 99'er magazine (November 1982):

Other brochures/articles/pamphlets:

Using VDP Interrupts - Tutorial

Introduction

The TMS 9918A video display processor (VDP) on my TM 990 Video Display Processor and Sound module generates an interrupt at the end of each video frame (every 1/60th of a second). This is a short tutorial on how to use this interrupt to perform a periodic task such as move sprites or process a sound list. For the purposes of this tutorial, a simple example is used: print a message to the RS-232 terminal every 5 seconds.

Basic Architecture

The following points provide an overview of how the VDP interrupt is set up and processed. A general understanding of how the TMS 9900 processes interrupts is assumed (see the TMS 9900 Microprocessor Data Manual, Section 2.2 if required).

Modifications Needed to TIBUG

TIBUG has to be modified to set the interrupt 2 workspace pointer (WP) and program counter (PC) vectors to link to an ISR. As these vectors are in read-only memory, they cannot be modified to link to wherever in memory an ISR provided by an application might end up being stored. Instead, an approach is taken where the vectors link to a simple ISR added to the end of the TIBUG code (so the position of this is fixed in memory), then an application 'hooks' its own ISR into the TIBUG ISR. This is a similar approach used by the TI-99/4A home computer.

So, TIBUG needs to define a location for the application ISR hook and the TIBUG ISR workspace. These can be at the top of memory, just below the RAM area already used by TIBUG.

APISRHK EQU >FF7C         (2 bytes) (Application ISR hook)
ISRREGS EQU >FF7E         (32 bytes, 16 registers) (Workspace for TIBUG ISR)

Then the WP/PC vectors for interrupt 2 have to be defined. When an interrupt level 2 occurs and is enabled by the processor interrupt mask, the processor performs a context switch (in effect, a BLWP instruction) to these vectors and forces the interrupt mask to a value one less than the level of the interrupt being serviced.

        AORG >0000
        DATA MREGS,INIT     WP/PC level 0 interrupt (reset).
        DATA ...            WP/PC level 1 interrupt - external.
        DATA ISRREGS,ISREP  WP/PC level 2 interrupt - external - TMS 9918 on VDP and Sound module.
        ...

The TIBUG ISR checks if an application has stored the address of its ISR at location APISRHK, and if it has (that is, if the word at location APISRHK is non-zero), it branches to the application ISR. The word at location APISRHK therefore has to be cleared during TIBUG's initialisation routine such that the default is for an application ISR not to be present.

INIT    CLR @APISRHK     Clear application ISR hook.
        LI R12,ASR
        ...

Finally comes TIBUG's ISR. This first reads the VDP status register to clear the VDP interrupt (this is done in the TIBUG ISR such that the interrupt is cleared irrespective of whether or not an application ISR is executed). The ISR then checks the value at the application ISR hook address. If it is non-zero then the code branches to the application ISR. If it is zero then the code returns from the ISR, which also restores the interrupt level in use by the code running at the time the interrupt occurred.

VDPS    EQU >E406        Address to read VDP status register.
 
ISREP   MOVB @VDPS,R10   Read VDP status register to clear VDP interrupt.
 
        MOV @APISRHK,R10 Get application ISR hook. Zero?
        JNE ISREP01      No, jump.
        RTWP             Yes, return from ISR. Also restores interrupt level.
 
ISREP01 B *R10           Jump to address of application ISR hook.

Setting Up and Processing the Interrupt in the Application

The application code needs to cover two areas: (1) It needs an ISR that is called by the TIBUG ISR. In this tutorial, the ISR is to print a message to the terminal every 5 seconds. (2) It needs code to hook in the application ISR and to configure the VDP, the TMS 9901 and the processor to generate, prioritise and respond to the interrupts. Without the latter, even though the ISRs are in place, no interrupts will actually reach the processor.

Looking at the application ISR first, it is called from the TIBUG ISR (once the hook address is set up), and uses the same workspace ISRREGS as the TIBUG ISR. We need to continue using this workspace as it contains the PC, WP and ST of the code that was interrupted and that we need to return to. The ISR uses a simple counter (initialised in the application code) to count the interrupts. A count of 300 with 60 interrupts per second gives a timer of 5 seconds. Until the timer expires, the ISR simply uses an RTWP to exit the ISR and return to the code that was previously running.

TMRCNT  EQU 300          Timer count to use. 300 = 5 seconds.
 
APPISR  DEC R0           Decrement count. Timer expired?
        JEQ APP1         Yes, print message then reinitialise.
        RTWP             No, return.

When the timer expires, the ISR jumps to APP1 to print the message to the terminal. To print the message it uses TIBUG XOP 14 (write message to terminal), but this XOP uses workspaces that TIBUG uses while it is running and we don't know what TIBUG will be doing when an interrupt occurs (an interrupt might occur while TIBUG is actually already in the XOP 14 routine while responding to user input). Specifically, XOP 14 uses the TIBUG XREGS workspace, and XOP 14 calls XOP 12 which uses the IREGS workspace. While TIBUG is waiting for user input, it is calling XOP 11 (which uses workspace EREGS) which in turn calls XOP 13 (which uses IREGS) followed by an XOP 12 (which also uses IREGS). The impact of this is that before calling XOP 14, the ISR first needs to save the PC, WP and ST stored in registers R13, R14 and R15 of the IREGS and XREGS workspaces, plus the other registers that are used by the XOPs, as these will be overwritten when the ISR calls XOP 14. After the XOP 14 call, the ISR then restores these workspace registers. Finally, the ISR re-initialises the timer count before returning with an RTWP.

APP1    LI R1,TMPREGS    Address of temporary buffer.
        LI R2,>FFC6+20   Address of R10 in TIBUG IREGS workspace.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R10 of IREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R11 of IREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R12 of IREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R13 of IREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R14 of IREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R15 of IREGS.
 
        LI R2,>FFD4+18   Address of R9 in TIBUG XREGS workspace.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R9 of XREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R10 of XREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R11 of XREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R12 of XREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R13 of XREGS.
        MOV *R2+,*R1+    Save R14 of XREGS.
        MOV *R2,*R1      Save R15 of XREGS.
 
        XOP @MSGTXT,14   Print message to terminal.
 
        LI R1,TMPREGS    Address of temporary buffer.
        LI R2,>FFC6+20   Address of R10 in TIBUG IREGS workspace.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R10 of IREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R11 of IREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R12 of IREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R13 of IREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R14 of IREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R15 of IREGS.
 
        LI R2,>FFD4+18   Address of R9 in TIBUG XREGS workspace.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R9 of XREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R10 of XREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R11 of XREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R12 of XREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R13 of XREGS.
        MOV *R1+,*R2+    Restore R14 of XREGS.
        MOV *R1,*R2      Restore R15 of XREGS.
 
        LI R0,TMRCNT     Re-initialise timer count and return.
        RTWP
 
MSGTXT  BYTE >D,>A
        TEXT '5 SECONDS ELAPSED'
        BYTE >D,>A
        BYTE 0
 
        EVEN
TMPREGS BSS 26           Temporary storage of TIBUG registers.

 

The second section of code to hook in the application ISR and configure the VDP, the TMS 9901 and the processor is standard standalone code that starts by defining its workspace.

        LWPI WSREGS      Set workspace.
        ...
        (at end of code)
WSREGS  BSS 32           Application workspace.

We then need to disable all interrupts while we set things up.

        LIMI 0           Disable all other interrupts while setting up.

Next, we initialise the timer count in the application ISR ready for when the first interrupt occurs.

        LI R0,TMRCNT     Seed timer in application ISR (R0 of workspace ISRREGS).
        MOV R0,@ISRREGS

The address of the application ISR is stored in the application ISR hook in the TIBUG RAM area. This is the address that the TIBUG ISR will branch to.

        LI R0,APPISR     Load address of application ISR.
        MOV R0,@APISRHK  Store address in application ISR hook.

When the TMS 9901 is reset, it is put into clock mode and all interrupts are masked. The TMS 9901 needs to be switched to interrupt mode and interrupt INT2 unmasked.

        LI R12,>0100     Address TMS 9901 on CRU interface.
        SBZ 0            Set TMS 9901 to interrupt mode.
        SBO 2            Unmask INT2.

The Interrupt Enable bit in VDP register 1 is next set.

VDPA    EQU >E402        Address to write to VDP register or to write VRAM address.
 
        LI R0,>01E0      Set VDP to use 16K RAM and enable VDP interrupts.
 
        ORI R0,>8000     Set MS bit to write to register.
        SWPB R0          Move VDP register value into MSB of word.
        MOVB R0,@VDPA    Write VDP register value to VDP.
        SWPB R0          Move VDP register number into MSB of word.
        MOVB R0,@VDPA    Write VDP register number to VDP.

Set the processor interrupt mask.

        LIMI 2           Set processor to respond to interrupts 0 - 2.

From this point, VDP interrupts are being generated and handled by the processor which calls the INT2 ISR in TIBUG, which then branches to the application ISR. If the application ISR hook had not been set up, the TIBUG ISR would just clear the VDP interrupt and exit the ISR.

Finally, the application returns to TIBUG. No matter what the user then does in TIBUG, a message should be displayed on the terminal every 5 seconds.

        B @>0080         Return to TIBUG.

Connecting a Serial Mouse

A standard, old PC serial mouse can be connected to the second RS-232 port (port P3) on the TM 990/101M module using the adapter shown on the right to swap a few of the RS-232 port pins around. serial mouse connection
 
The listing below is for a simple sketch program which uses the mouse to draw a picture on the VDP screen using a sprite as the mouse pointer. The listing also provides an example of how to initialise and control the RS-232 port, and how to plot individual pixels with the TMS 9918A VDP in graphics 2 mode. I've tried two serial mice which both work - labelled on the bottom as a Microsoft "Serial Mouse 2.1A", and a Microsoft "Serial - PS/2 Compatible Mouse". mouse sketch program demo

*********************************************************************************************************
*Experiment using a PC serial mouse to implement a simple sketch program on the TMS9918A VDP (which is
*configured in graphics 2 mode, giving a resolution of 256 x 192).
*Use the mouse to move a sprite mouse pointer around the screen.
*Click the left mouse button to colour pixels as you go.
*Click the right mouse button to cycle through the 14 pixel colours (excluding transparent and black).
*Click the left and right mouse buttons together to clear the screen and start again.
*
*Mouse details reference: www.kryslix.com/nsfaq/Q.12.html
*TMS9918A VDP datasheet:  http://ftp.whtech.com/datasheets%20and%20manuals/Datasheets%20-%20TI/TMS9918.pdf
*********************************************************************************************************

        AORG >2000

*************
*Definitions.
*************

*Graphics 2 mode storage in VRAM.

PNTBA   EQU  >1800          Pattern name table base address.
PGTBA   EQU  >0000          Pattern generator table base address.
CTBA    EQU  >2000          Colour table base address.
SATBA   EQU  >1B00          Sprite attribute table base address.
SGTBA   EQU  >3800          Sprite generator table base address.

*Memory mapped I/O definitions.

VDPREG  EQU  >E402          VDP VRAM address and register access address.
VRAMW   EQU  >E400          VDP VRAM data write address.
VRAMR   EQU  >E404          VDP VRAM data read address.

        LWPI MYWS           Load workspace.

************************
*Set up Graphics 2 mode.
************************

*Load VDP registers.

START   BL   @LOADER

        BYTE >02,>80        Register 0 - graphics 2 mode, external video off.
        BYTE >80,>81        Register 1 - 16K, no display, no interrupt, graphics 2, size & mag = 0.
        BYTE >06,>82        Register 2 - PNTBA = >1800. Pattern name table.
        BYTE >FF,>83        Register 3 - CTBA = >2000.  Colour table.
        BYTE >03,>84        Register 4 - PGTBA = >0000. Pattern generator table.
        BYTE >36,>85        Register 5 - SATBA = >1B00. Sprite attribute table.
        BYTE >07,>86        Register 6 - SGTBA = >3800. Sprite generator table.
        BYTE >00,>87        Register 7 - Backdrop=background colour.
        DATA 0

*Clear the sprite generator table (SGT) and sprite attribute table (SAT).

        LI   R7,VRAMW

        LI   R8,SGTBA+>4000  Reference SGT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R8,256*8       Do 256 8-bit patterns.

KILSGT  MOVB @B00,*R7       Null out the pattern.
        DEC  R8             Count it.
        JNE  KILSGT         Loop till all done.

        LI   R8,SATBA+>4000  Reference SAT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R8,32*8        Kill off all 32 sprite planes.
        LI   R6,>D000       Fill it full of sprite terminators.

KILSAT  MOVB R6,*R7         Clear SAT.
        DEC  R8             Count it.
        JNE  KILSAT         Loop till all done.

*Set up pattern name table.

        LI   R8,PNTBA+>4000  Reference PNT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        SETO R11            Reset count.

INIPNT  INC  R11            Next pattern.
        SWPB R11            Position LS byte.
        MOVB R11,*R7        Write it.
        SWPB R11            Restore R11.
        CI   R11,3*256      Done all entries?
        JL   INIPNT         No, loop around.

*Set up pattern generator table.

        LI   R8,PGTBA+>4000  Reference PGT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R11,3*256*8    Set count.

KILPGT  MOVB @B00,*R7       Reset entry.
        DEC  R11            Done all entries?
        JNE  KILPGT         No, loop around.

*Set up colour table.

        LI   R8,CTBA+>4000  Reference CT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        CLR  R1             Clear R1 because we'll be shifting left.
        MOVB @MPTSAT+3,R1   Get initial mouse pointer sprite colour.
        SLA  R1,4           Shift to left nibble to align with foreground colour in CT.
        MOVB R1,@MSCOL      Store initial mouse pointer colour.

        LI   R11,3*256*8    Set count.
        
INICT   MOVB R1,*R7         Set colour to initial mouse pointer sprite colour.
        DEC  R11            Done all entries?
        JNE  INICT          No, loop around.

*Re-enable display.

        BL   @LOADER

        BYTE >C0,>81
        DATA 0

***********************************************************
*Define mouse pointer sprite and place at middle of screen.
***********************************************************

*Write character pattern to the sprite generator table.

        LI   R8,SGTBA+>4000  Reference SGT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R8,8           Do one 8-bit pattern.
        LI   R6,MPTSPG      Pointer to character pattern.

MPTRSG  MOVB *R6+,*R7       Write the pattern.
        DEC  R8             Count it.
        JNE  MPTRSG         Loop till all done.

*Define sprite in the sprite attribute table.

        LI   R8,SATBA+>4000  Reference SAT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R8,4           4 bytes to write.
        LI   R6,MPTSAT      Pointer to SAT for mouse pointer.

MPTRSA  MOVB *R6+,*R7       Write the SAT.
        DEC  R8             Count it.
        JNE  MPTRSA         Loop till all done.

**********************************************
*Initialise mouse RS-232 port and reset mouse.
**********************************************

*Set auxiliary port P3 to 1200 Baud, 7 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit.

        LI   R12,>0180      CRU base address of 9902 for port P3.
        SBO  31             Reset 9902. This sets /RTS inactive high, so the RTS output line to -ve voltage.
        LI   R1,>8200       Control register: 1 stop bit, no parity, 7 data bits (binary 10000010).
        LDCR R1,8           Load control register.
        SBZ  13             Disable loading of interval register.
        LI   R1,>01A0       1200 Baud.
        LDCR R1,12          Load transmit and receive data rate registers.

        BL   @DLY1          Mouse needs negative pulse of at least 100ms.

*Toggle RTS output line to +ve voltage to reset mouse.

        SBO  16             Set /RTS active low, so the RTS output line to +ve voltage.

*On reset the mouse should send the letter 'M', but it doesn't always seems to send this character
*or indeed any character at all, so just ignore the first character received.

WAIT1   TB   21             Receive buffer register full?
        JNE  WAIT1          No, loop until a character is received.

        SBZ  18             Reset receive buffer register.

*Initialise mouse position to the middle of the screen.
*Mouse position range is twice the screen resolution (twice 192 x 256) to get an adequate movement
*of the mouse. The mouse position will be divided by two to map it to screen coordinates.
*(Can't divide mouse movement by two otherwise very slow movement will result in no movement.)

        LI   R9,256/2*2     Mouse X position in LSB.
        MOV  R9,@MSXPOS
        LI   R9,192/2*2     Mouse Y position in LSB.
        MOV  R9,@MSYPOS

******************************************
*Wait for a packet of data from the mouse.
******************************************

*Wait for and store a packet of 3 bytes. The first byte of each packet should be a value greater
*than or equal to >40. Check for this to keep reception in sync.

WAIT2   LI   R12,>0180      CRU base address of 9902 for port P3.

        CLR  R1
        CLR  R2
        CLR  R3

WAIT3   TB   21             Receive buffer register full?
        JNE  WAIT3          No, loop until a character is received.
        STCR R1,8           Read character into MSB of R1.
        SBZ  18             Reset receive buffer register.

        CI   R1,>4000       Bit set to indicate first byte in packet?
        JL   WAIT3          No, get another byte.

WAIT4   TB   21             Receive buffer register full?
        JNE  WAIT4          No, loop until a character is received.
        STCR R2,8           Read character into MSB of R2.
        SBZ  18             Reset receive buffer register.

WAIT5   TB   21             Receive buffer register full?
        JNE  WAIT5          No, loop until a character is received.
        STCR R3,8           Read character into MSB of R3.
        SBZ  18             Reset receive buffer register.

********************************************************
*Determine the mouse movement and update mouse position.
********************************************************

*Determine the X movement.

        MOV  R1,R5          Copy byte 1.
        SLA  R5,6           Move MS bits of X movement to top of byte.
        A    R5,R2          Add to rest of X movement in 2nd byte.
        SWPB R2             Move result into LSB.

*Determine the Y movement.

        MOV  R1,R5          Copy byte 1.
        ANDI R5,>0C00       Isolate bits 2 and 3.
        SLA  R5,4           Shift to move MS bits of Y movement to top of byte.
        A    R5,R3          Add to rest of Y movement in 3rd byte.
        SWPB R3             Move result into LSB.

*Update mouse X position.

        MOV  @MSXPOS,R9     Get stored mouse X position.

        CI   R2,128         Is X movement left (-ve) or right (+ve)?
        JLE  UPDTX1         Jump if to the right.

        AI   R2,>FF00       Movement is to the left. Change to two's complement word.
        A    R2,R9          Subtract (add two's complement) movement from mouse X position.
        JGT  UPDTX2         If position now > 0, it's valid.
        JEQ  UPDTX2         If position now 0, it's valid.
        CLR  R9             Result is < 0, so reset position to 0.
        JMP  UPDTX2

UPDTX1  A    R2,R9          Add movement to X position.
        CI   R9,2*255       If X position > 2*255 then set to 2*255.
        JLE  UPDTX2
        LI   R9,2*255

UPDTX2  MOV  R9,@MSXPOS     Store new mouse X position.

*Update mouse Y position.

        MOV  @MSYPOS,R9     Get stored mouse Y position.

        CI   R3,128         Is Y movement up (-ve) or down (+ve)?
        JLE  UPDTY1         Jump if down.

        AI   R3,>FF00       Movement is up. Change to two's complement word.
        A    R3,R9          Subtract (add two's complement) movement from mouse Y position.
        JGT  UPDTY2         If position now > 0, it's valid.
        JEQ  UPDTY2         If position now 0, it's valid.
        CLR  R9             Result is < 0, so reset position to 0.
        JMP  UPDTY2

UPDTY1  A    R3,R9          Add movement to Y position.
        CI   R9,2*191       If Y position > 2*191 then set to 2*191.
        JLE  UPDTY2
        LI   R9,2*191

UPDTY2  MOV  R9,@MSYPOS     Store new mouse Y position.

***************************
*Move mouse pointer sprite.
***************************

*First byte in SAT is vertical position, second byte is horizontal position.

MOVMS   LI   R8,SATBA+>4000  Reference SAT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        MOV  @MSYPOS,R2     Get stored mouse Y position (which is at twice screen resolution).
        DECT R2             Top row of the screen has value -1, so adjust.
        SLA  R2,7           Move to MSB and divide by 2 to convert to screen resolution.
        MOVB R2,*R7         Write the Y mouse position.

        MOV  @MSXPOS,R2     Get stored mouse X position (which is at twice screen resolution).
        SLA  R2,7           Move to MSB and divide by 2 to convert to screen resolution.
        MOVB R2,*R7         Write the X mouse position.

****************************************************************************
*Check for left and right buttons pressed together. If pressed, clear screen
*and start again.
****************************************************************************

        COC  @H7000,R1      Check for left and right button indication in 1st byte received.
        JNE  CLRSCRN        Left and right button not both pressed, jump.
        
        B    @START         Blank display and start again.

CLRSCRN EQU  $
        
***********************************************************************
*Check for right button press. If pressed, change mouse pointer colour.
***********************************************************************

        COC  @H5000,R1      Check for right button indication in 1st byte received.
        JNE  UPDCOL1        Right button not pressed, jump.

        AB   @H10,@MSCOL    Right button pressed. Move onto next colour.
        JNE  UPDCOL         Need to wrap colour index back round? No, jump.
        MOVB @H20,@MSCOL    Reset colour to 2, skipping transparent and black colours.

UPDCOL  LI   R8,SATBA+>4000+3  Reference colour byte in SAT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        MOVB @MSCOL,R2      Get stored colour.
        SRL  R2,4           Shift to 2nd nibble to align with colour nibble in SAT.
        MOVB R2,*R7         Write new colour to mouse pointer sprite.

UPDCOL1 EQU  $

***********************************************************************
*Check for left button press. If pressed, draw pixel at mouse position.
***********************************************************************

        COC  @H6000,R1      Check for right button indication in 1st byte received.
        JNE  DRWPX99        Left button not pressed, jump.

*Convert mouse X position to column number and remainder.

        MOV  @MSXPOS,R2     Get X position (which is at twice screen resolution).
        MOV  R2,R3          Copy it.
        
        SRL  R2,4           Divide by 2 to convert to screen resolution, then divide by 8 to get column number.
        
        SRL  R3,1           Divide by 2 to convert to screen resolution.
        ANDI R3,>0007       Get 3 LS bits which are the remainder (the pixel 0 to 7 within the 8-pixel column).

*Convert mouse Y position to row number and remainder.

        MOV  @MSYPOS,R8     Get Y position (which is at twice screen resolution).
        MOV  R8,R9          Copy it.
        
        SRL  R8,4           Divide by 2 to convert to screen resolution, then divide by 8 to get row number.
        
        SRL  R9,1           Divide by 2 to convert to screen resolution.
        ANDI R9,>0007       Get 3 LS bits which are the remainder (the pixel 0 to 7 within the 8-pixel row).

*Multiply row number by 32, then add column number to get cell number.

        SLA  R8,5           Multiply row number by 32.
        A    R2,R8          Add column number.
        
*Multiply cell number by 8 to get index into entry in the PGT for this cell
*(8 bytes in PGT per cell, 1 per pixel row).
        
        SLA  R8,3           Multiply cell number by 8.

*Get current VRAM data from cell number, add new pixel, and write back to VRAM.

        A    R9,R8          Add Y remainder to get correct byte in PGT for the pixel row.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send cell address to VDP.

        CLR  R10            Clear pixel mask register. The pixel mask gives the bit to
*                           set in the PGT byte for the pixel 0 to 7 within the 8-pixel column.
        AI   R3,MASKTB      Add address of pixel mask table base to X remainder.
        MOVB *R3,R10        Fetch pixel mask.
        MOVB @VRAMR,R3      Get current VRAM data.
        SOCB R10,R3         Set pixel bit.
        
        ORI  R8,>4000       Set VDP write bit in address.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send address to VDP.
        
        MOVB R3,*R7         Write updated VRAM data.

*Set the colour table entry to the current mouse pointer sprite colour.

        AI   R8,CTBA-PGTBA  Get address of PCT entry.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send address to VDP.

        MOVB @MSCOL,*R7     Update colour entry.

DRWPX99 EQU  $

********************************
*Loop round and do it all again.
********************************

        B    @WAIT2

*************
*Subroutines.
*************

*Load the VDP registers from an inline data table.

LOADER  MOVB *R11+,@VDPREG  Write register data.

        C    *R11,*R11      Dummy delay for VDP.
        MOVB *R11+,@VDPREG  Write register number.

        MOV  *R11,*R11      End of data table?
        JNE  LOADER         No, loop.
        
        INCT R11            Yes, skip data table terminator.        
        B    *R11           Return.

*Send the address in R8 to the VDP.

SENDAD  SWPB R8             Position LSB.
        MOVB R8,@VDPREG     Send LSB.

        SWPB R8             Position MSB.
        MOVB R8,@VDPREG     Send MSB.

        B    *R11           Return.

*Short delay.

DLY1    SETO R10
DLY11   DEC  R10
        JNE  DLY11
        B    *R11           Return.

********************
*Workspace and data.
********************

MYWS    BSS  32             Workspace.

MSXPOS  DATA 0              Mouse X position in LSB.
MSYPOS  DATA 0              Mouse Y position in LSB.
MSCOL   BYTE 0              Mouse pointer colour.

B00     BYTE 0
B16     BYTE 16
H10     BYTE >10
H20     BYTE >20
H5000   DATA >5000
H6000   DATA >6000
H7000   DATA >7000

*Mouse pointer sprite data.

MPTSPG  BYTE >F0,>E0,>E0,>90,>08,>04,>02,>01  Arrow pattern.
MPTSAT  BYTE 192/2-1,256/2,>00,>05  Initial position middle of screen, colour light blue.

*Pixel bit mask table.

*Pixel------- 0 1   2 3   4 5   6 7
MASKTB  DATA >8040,>2010,>0804,>0201

        END

TM 990 Etch-a-Sketch

This is a simple project to use the TM 990/1241 Combination Analogue I/O Interface Module. Two rotary potentiometers are connected to the module ADC inputs shown in the diagram below. The position of these is used to control a pen pointer sprite on the VDP screen to form an Etch-a-Sketch. The TMS 9918A VDP is configured in graphics 2 mode.

etch-a-sketch schematic      etch-a-sketch program demo

*********************************************************************************************************
*TM990 Etch-a-Sketch program, using TM990/1241 module to convert analogue inputs from two control
*potentiometers to digital. Picture is plotted using TMS9918A VDP (which is configured in graphics 2 mode,
*giving a resolution of 256 x 192). A sprite is used for the pen pointer.
*Includes commands entered through the RS-232 terminal to raise and lower the pen (so the pointer can be
*moved without drawing), to change the line colour, and to clear the screen.
*********************************************************************************************************

        AORG >2000

*************
*Definitions.
*************

*ADC input definitions.

ADCBA   EQU  >A000          TM990/1241 memory mapped I/O base address.
MUXIPX  EQU  9              ADC mux input channel for X potentiometer. (+10V reference is on channel 10.)
MUXIPY  EQU  8              ADC mux input channel for Y potentiometer.
MUXST   EQU  20             Settling time after changing mux input.

*Graphics 2 mode storage in VRAM.

PNTBA   EQU  >1800          Pattern name table base address.
PGTBA   EQU  >0000          Pattern generator table base address.
CTBA    EQU  >2000          Colour table base address.
SATBA   EQU  >1B00          Sprite attribute table base address.
SGTBA   EQU  >3800          Sprite generator table base address.

*VDP memory mapped I/O definitions.

VDPREG  EQU  >E402          VDP VRAM address and register access address.
VRAMW   EQU  >E400          VDP VRAM data write address.
VRAMR   EQU  >E404          VDP VRAM data read address.

*******
*Start.
*******

        LWPI MYWS           Load workspace.

***********************
*Print welcome message.
***********************

        XOP  @CLSCRN,14     Clear screen.
        XOP  @WELCOME,14    Print message.

******************************
*Set default pen status to up.
******************************

START   SETO @PENUD         Set pen status flag.
        XOP  @PENUP,14      Print current pen status.
        XOP  @CRLF,14

************************
*Set up Graphics 2 mode.
************************

*Load VDP registers.

        BL   @LOADER

        BYTE >02,>80        Register 0 - graphics 2 mode, external video off.
        BYTE >80,>81        Register 1 - 16K, no display, no interrupt, graphics 2, size & mag = 0.
        BYTE >06,>82        Register 2 - PNTBA = >1800. Pattern name table.
        BYTE >FF,>83        Register 3 - CTBA = >2000.  Colour table.
        BYTE >03,>84        Register 4 - PGTBA = >0000. Pattern generator table.
        BYTE >36,>85        Register 5 - SATBA = >1B00. Sprite attribute table.
        BYTE >07,>86        Register 6 - SGTBA = >3800. Sprite generator table.
        BYTE >00,>87        Register 7 - Backdrop=background colour.
        DATA 0

*Clear the sprite generator table (SGT) and sprite attribute table (SAT).

        LI   R7,VRAMW

        LI   R8,SGTBA+>4000  Reference SGT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R8,256*8       Do 256 8-bit patterns.

KILSGT  MOVB @B00,*R7       Null out the pattern.
        DEC  R8             Count it.
        JNE  KILSGT         Loop till all done.

        LI   R8,SATBA+>4000  Reference SAT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R8,32*8        Kill off all 32 sprite planes.
        LI   R6,>D000       Fill it full of sprite terminators.

KILSAT  MOVB R6,*R7         Clear SAT.
        DEC  R8             Count it.
        JNE  KILSAT         Loop till all done.

*Set up pattern name table.

        LI   R8,PNTBA+>4000  Reference PNT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        SETO R11            Reset count.

INIPNT  INC  R11            Next pattern.
        SWPB R11            Position LS byte.
        MOVB R11,*R7        Write it.
        SWPB R11            Restore R11.
        CI   R11,3*256      Done all entries?
        JL   INIPNT         No, loop around.

*Set up pattern generator table.

        LI   R8,PGTBA+>4000  Reference PGT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R11,3*256*8    Set count.

KILPGT  MOVB @B00,*R7       Reset entry.
        DEC  R11            Done all entries?
        JNE  KILPGT         No, loop around.

*Set up colour table.

        LI   R8,CTBA+>4000  Reference CT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        CLR  R1             Clear R1 because we'll be shifting left.
        MOVB @MPTSAT+3,R1   Get initial pen pointer sprite colour.
        SLA  R1,4           Shift to left nibble to align with foreground colour in CT.
        MOVB R1,@CSCOL      Store initial pen pointer colour.

        LI   R11,3*256*8    Set count.

INICT   MOVB R1,*R7         Set colour to initial pen pointer sprite colour.
        DEC  R11            Done all entries?
        JNE  INICT          No, loop around.

*Re-enable display.

        BL   @LOADER

        BYTE >C0,>81
        DATA 0

***************************
*Define pen pointer sprite.
***************************

*Write character pattern to the sprite generator table.

        LI   R8,SGTBA+>4000  Reference SGT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R8,8           Do one 8-bit pattern.
        LI   R6,MPTSPG      Pointer to character pattern.

MPTRSG  MOVB *R6+,*R7       Write the pattern.
        DEC  R8             Count it.
        JNE  MPTRSG         Loop till all done.

*Define sprite in the sprite attribute table.

        LI   R8,SATBA+>4000  Reference SAT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        LI   R8,4           4 bytes to write.
        LI   R6,MPTSAT      Pointer to SAT for pointer.

MPTRSA  MOVB *R6+,*R7       Write the SAT.
        DEC  R8             Count it.
        JNE  MPTRSA         Loop till all done.

*************************************
*Check for command input and process.
*************************************

        LI   R12,>0080      Set CRU base address to serial port.

MAINLP  TB   21             Serial port receive buffer register full?
        JNE  READPOT        No, skip rest of this section.

        XOP  R2,13          Read character from serial port.

        C    R2,@UCHAR      Character 'U' (pen up)?
        JNE  NXTCHR1        No jump.

        SETO @PENUD         Yes, set pen flag.
        XOP  @PENUP,14      Print current pen status.
        XOP  @CRLF,14
        JMP  READPOT

NXTCHR1 C    R2,@DCHAR      Character 'D' (pen down)?
        JNE  NXTCHR2        No, jump.

        CLR  @PENUD         Yes, set pen flag.
        XOP  @PENDN,14      Print current pen status.
        XOP  @CRLF,14
        JMP  READPOT

NXTCHR2 C    R2,@CCHAR      Character 'C' (change colour)?
        JNE  NXTCHR3        No, jump.

        AB   @H10,@CSCOL    Move onto next colour.
        JNE  UPDCOL         Need to wrap colour index back round? No, jump.
        MOVB @H10,@CSCOL    Reset colour to 1 (skipping transparent).

UPDCOL  LI   R8,SATBA+>4000+3  Reference colour byte in SAT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        MOVB @CSCOL,R2      Get stored colour.
        SRL  R2,4           Shift to 2nd nibble to align with colour nibble in SAT.
        MOVB R2,*R7         Write new colour to pen pointer sprite.

        XOP  @COLOUR,14     Print colour intro text.
        SRL  R2,7           Shift colour into LS bits, multiplied by 2.
        MOV  @COLINDX(R2),R3  Get pointer to colour text.
        XOP  *R3,14         Print colour name text.
        XOP  @CRLF,14

        JMP  READPOT

NXTCHR3 C    R2,@SCHAR      Character 'S' (clear screen and start again)?
        JNE  READPOT        No, jump.

        B    @START

***********************************
*Read X-Y potentionmeter positions.
***********************************

READPOT BL   @READXY

*************************
*Move pen pointer sprite.
*************************

*First byte in SAT is vertical position, second byte is horizontal position.

MOVMS   LI   R8,SATBA+>4000  Reference SAT. Add >4000 for VDP write operations.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send VDP address.

        MOV  @CSYPOS,R2     Get the Y position.
        DEC  R2             Top row of the screen has value -1, so adjust.
        SWPB R2
        MOVB R2,*R7         Write the Y position.

        MOV  @CSXPOS,R2     Get the X position.
        SWPB R2
        MOVB R2,*R7         Write the X position.

***********************************************
*Draw pixel at pointer position if pen is down.
***********************************************

*Check pen status and only draw if pen is down.

        MOV  @PENUD,R2      Get pen status.
        JNE  NODRAW         Jump if pen is up.

*Convert X position to column number and remainder.

        MOV  @CSXPOS,R2     Get X position.
        MOV  R2,R3          Copy it.

        SRL  R2,3           Divide by 8 to get column number.

        ANDI R3,>0007       Get 3 LS bits which are the remainder (the pixel 0 to 7 within the 8-pixel column).

*Convert Y position to row number and remainder.

        MOV  @CSYPOS,R8     Get Y position.
        MOV  R8,R9          Copy it.

        SRL  R8,3           Divide by 8 to get row number.

        ANDI R9,>0007       Get 3 LS bits which are the remainder (the pixel 0 to 7 within the 8-pixel row).

*Multiply row number by 32, then add column number to get cell number.

        SLA  R8,5           Multiply row number by 32.
        A    R2,R8          Add column number.

*Multiply cell number by 8 to get index into entry in the PGT for this cell
*(8 bytes in PGT per cell, 1 per pixel row).

        SLA  R8,3           Multiply cell number by 8.

*Get current VRAM data from cell number, add new pixel, and write back to VRAM.

        A    R9,R8          Add Y remainder to get correct byte in PGT for the pixel row.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send cell address to VDP.

        CLR  R10            Clear pixel mask register. The pixel mask gives the bit to
*                           set in the PGT byte for the pixel 0 to 7 within the 8-pixel column.
        AI   R3,MASKTB      Add address of pixel mask table base to X remainder.
        MOVB *R3,R10        Fetch pixel mask.
        MOVB @VRAMR,R3      Get current VRAM data.
        SOCB R10,R3         Set pixel bit.

        ORI  R8,>4000       Set VDP write bit in address.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send address to VDP.

        MOVB R3,*R7         Write updated VRAM data.

*Set the colour table entry to the current pen pointer sprite colour.

        AI   R8,CTBA-PGTBA  Get address of PCT entry.

        BL   @SENDAD        Send address to VDP.

        MOVB @CSCOL,*R7     Update colour entry.

NODRAW  EQU  $

********************************
*Loop round and do it all again.
********************************

        B    @MAINLP

*************
*Subroutines.
*************

*Load the VDP registers from an inline data table.

LOADER  MOVB *R11+,@VDPREG  Write register data.

        C    *R11,*R11      Dummy delay for VDP.
        MOVB *R11+,@VDPREG  Write register number.

        MOV  *R11,*R11      End of data table?
        JNE  LOADER         No, loop.

        INCT R11            Yes, skip data table terminator.
        B    *R11           Return.

*Send the address in R8 to the VDP.

SENDAD  SWPB R8             Position LSB.
        MOVB R8,@VDPREG     Send LSB.

        SWPB R8             Position MSB.
        MOVB R8,@VDPREG     Send MSB.

        B    *R11           Return.

*Read X-Y potentiometer positions from ADC.

READXY  LI   R1,MUXIPX      Select ADC mux X channel.
        MOV  R1,@ADCBA+>8

        LI   R1,MUXST       Seems to need additional settling time otherwise
LP1     DEC  R1             line can be jaggy across full range.
        JNE  LP1

        MOV  R1,@ADCBA+>A   Send convert command to ADC (write any data).
CLOOPX  INV  @ADCBA+>C      Check status for end of conversion.
        JLT  CLOOPX         Loop until ready.

        MOV  @ADCBA+>E,R1   Read ADC data.
        SRL  R1,3           Divide by 8 to reduce 0-2047 range to 0-255.
        INV  R1             Reverse direction - need max potentiometer reading to be on left of screen.
        ANDI R1,>00FF
        MOV  R1,@CSXPOS     Save reading.

        LI   R1,MUXIPY      Select ADC mux Y channel.
        MOV  R1,@ADCBA+>8

        LI   R1,MUXST       Seems to need additional settling time otherwise
LP2     DEC  R1             line can be jaggy across full range.
        JNE  LP2

        MOV  R1,@ADCBA+>A   Send convert command to ADC (write any data).
CLOOPY  INV  @ADCBA+>C      Check status for end of conversion.
        JLT  CLOOPY         Loop until ready.

        MOV  @ADCBA+>E,R1   Read ADC data.
        SRL  R1,3           Divide by 8 to reduce 0-2047 range to 0-255.
        CI   R1,191         Reading above max Y value of 191?
        JLE  SAVEY          No, jump.
        LI   R1,191         Set reading to max Y value.
SAVEY   MOV  R1,@CSYPOS     Save reading.

        B    *R11

********************
*Workspace and data.
********************

MYWS    BSS  32             Workspace.

CSXPOS  DATA 0              Pen pointer X position in LSB.
CSYPOS  DATA 0              Pen pointer Y position in LSB.
CSCOL   BYTE 0              Pen pointer colour in MS nibble.
PENUD   DATA 0              Pen status - up (>FFFF) or down (>0000).

B00     BYTE 0
H10     BYTE >10

CCHAR   DATA 'C'*256
DCHAR   DATA 'D'*256
SCHAR   DATA 'S'*256
UCHAR   DATA 'U'*256

*Pointer sprite data.

MPTSPG  BYTE >F0,>E0,>E0,>90,>08,>04,>02,>01  Arrow pattern.
MPTSAT  BYTE >00,>00,>00,>05  Initial position top left of screen, colour light blue.

*Pixel bit mask table.

*Pixel------- 0 1   2 3   4 5   6 7
MASKTB  DATA >8040,>2010,>0804,>0201

******
*Text.
******

CLSCRN  DATA >1B5B,>324A  VT100 escape code to erase screen.
        BYTE >1B,>5B,>48  VT100 escape code to move cursor to top left.
        BYTE 0

WELCOME TEXT 'TM990 ETCH-A-SKETCH, BY STUART CONNER, JULY 2012.'
        BYTE >0D,>0A
        TEXT 'REQUIRES TM990/1241 ANALOGUE I/O INTERFACE MODULE,'
        BYTE >0D,>0A
        TEXT 'AND TWO POTENTIOMETERS AS CONTROLS.'
        BYTE >0D,>0A
        BYTE >0D,>0A
        TEXT 'COMMANDS:'
        BYTE >0D,>0A
        TEXT '  U - PEN UP'
        BYTE >0D,>0A
        TEXT '  D - PEN DOWN'
        BYTE >0D,>0A
        TEXT '  C - CHANGE COLOUR'
        BYTE >0D,>0A
        TEXT '  S - CLEAR SCREEN AND START AGAIN'
        BYTE >0D,>0A
CRLF    BYTE >0D,>0A
        BYTE 0

PENUP   TEXT 'PEN IS NOW UP'
        BYTE 0

PENDN   TEXT 'PEN IS NOW DOWN'
        BYTE 0

COLOUR  TEXT 'COLOUR IS NOW '
        BYTE 0

COL1    TEXT 'BLACK'
        BYTE 0
COL2    TEXT 'MEDIUM GREEN'
        BYTE 0
COL3    TEXT 'LIGHT GREEN'
        BYTE 0
COL4    TEXT 'DARK BLUE'
        BYTE 0
COL5    TEXT 'LIGHT BLUE'
        BYTE 0
COL6    TEXT 'DARK RED'
        BYTE 0
COL7    TEXT 'CYAN'
        BYTE 0
COL8    TEXT 'MEDIUM RED'
        BYTE 0
COL9    TEXT 'LIGHT RED'
        BYTE 0
COL10   TEXT 'DARK YELLOW'
        BYTE 0
COL11   TEXT 'LIGHT YELLOW'
        BYTE 0
COL12   TEXT 'DARK GREEN'
        BYTE 0
COL13   TEXT 'MAGENTA'
        BYTE 0
COL14   TEXT 'GREY'
        BYTE 0
COL15   TEXT 'WHITE'

COLINDX DATA 0,COL1,COL2,COL3,COL4,COL5,COL6,COL7,COL8
        DATA COL9,COL10,COL11,COL12,COL13,COL14,COL15

        END

Eyeballing for Donations

eyeballing for donations 1 eyeballing for donations 2

This is a simple little robotics project inspired by the project I saw here.

The device is controlled by a TMS 9900 processor in a modular TM 990 system. Three analogue proximity sensors are connected to a multi-channel A-D converter. The sensors are scanned back and forth and enable a 'target' to be detected and tracked by the eye which swivels horizontally and vertically. When the target gets close enough, the money tin shakes. The project uses four stepper motors, with the stepper motor controller board control inputs connected directly to a TMS 9901.

**************
*Introduction.
**************

*Sweep sensors and record proximity information from each of the three sensors
*for each step of the sweep.

*At the end of each sweep, check the proximity information to determine if a
*target has been detected and in which direction.

*If a target has been detected, store the direction and move the eye
*horizontally to point in that direction during the next sweep. Move the eye
*vertically to 'look up' to the target, looking further up the closer the
*target.

*If the target is very close, move the eye horizontally to look straight
*ahead, move it vertically to look down, and shake the money tin. Then return
*to the previous position. Wait for the target to move back, then come close
*again before shaking the tin again.

*If a target is acquired then lost, return the eye horizontally and vertically
*to look straight ahead.

********************************************************
*Stepper motor controller board connections and details.
********************************************************

*Datasheet: <http://www.hobbytronics.co.uk/robotics/easydriver-stepper-motor>.

*Motor 1 - sensor scan.
*Motor 2 - Eye horizontal motor.
*Motor 3 - Eye vertical motor.
*Motor 4 - Money tin shake motor.

*------------------------------------------------
*Signal          Conn. P4    TMS9901      CRU Bit
*                Pin         Signal
*------------------------------------------------
*Motor 1 DIR  - - - 10 - - - - P5 - - - - SBO 21 with R12=>100
*Motor 1 STEP - - - 12 - - - - P6 - - - - SBO 22
*Motor 1 GND  - - -  9

*Motor 2 DIR  - - - 16 - - - - P3 - - - - SBO 19
*Motor 2 STEP - - - 18 - - - - P4 - - - - SBO 20
*Motor 2 GND  - - - 15

*Motor 3 DIR  - - - 22 - - - - P1 - - - - SBO 17
*Motor 3 STEP - - - 14 - - - - P2 - - - - SBO 18
*Motor 3 GND  - - - 21

*Motor 4 DIR  - - - 24 - - - - P7 - - - - SBO 23
*Motor 4 STEP - - - 26 - - - - P8 - - - - SBO 24
*Motor 4 GND  - - - 23

*DIR input: low for anticlockwise
*           high for clockwise

*Number of motor steps for one full revolution: 200 (1.8° per step)
*Number of motor microsteps per step: 8

****************
*Sensor details.
****************

*Sharp GP2Y0A21YK0F Analogue Distance Sensor, 10 - 80 cm (4 - 32").
*Datasheet: <http://www.hobbytronics.co.uk/datasheets/gp2y0a21yk0f.pdf>.

*According to the datasheet, a measurement is made every 38ms.
*So can take a maximum of 26 samples per second.
*So a sweep of 26 samples should take ~1 second.

*****************
*Sensor geometry.
*****************

*Three sensors are used, spaced 45° apart.
*Scan in an arc of 45°, the sensors will together cover an arc of 135°.
*We'll actually scan in an arc of 26 steps = 46.8° = 140.4° coverage.

*The coverage can be reduced to ignore close objects at the extremities of the
*scan using the SCANIE definition below. So the sensors will still scan 45° so
*that objects between the individual sensor arcs are not missed, but the data
*from the extremeties of the arc will not be checked for a target.

*************
*Definitions.
*************

*ADC input definitions.

ADCBA   EQU  >A000       TM990/1241 memory mapped I/O base address.
MUXIPSL EQU  8           ADC mux input channel for left sensor.
MUXIPSM EQU  9           ADC mux input channel for middle sensor.
*                        (+10V reference is wired to channel 10.)
MUXIPSR EQU  11          ADC mux input channel for right sensor.

*Stepper motor definitions.

MSTPDLY EQU  >0180       Delay between motor 1 microsteps to give required
*                        sensor sweep speed.
MINMDLY EQU  >0060       Delay between microsteps for eye horizontal and
*                        vertical motors (2 and 3).
MTINDLY EQU  >0070       Delay between motor 4 microsteps to give required
*                        money tin shake speed.
M1STEPS EQU  26          Steps in arc travelled by sensor motors.
M2STEPS EQU  M1STEPS*3   Maximum number of steps in arc travelled by eye
*                        horizontal motor.
M3STEPS EQU  26          Maximum number of steps in arc travelled by eye
*                        vertical motor.
M4STEPS EQU  40          Maximum number of steps in arc travelled by money tin
*                        motor.

*Threshold definitions.

THRSH1V EQU  >40         ADC data threshold - if value equal to or above this
*                        then target assumed detected. (Higher value is closer
*                        to sensor. Value not linear with distance.)
MINSTPS EQU  5           Minimum number of sensor steps across which a target
*                        must be found to be valid.
THRSH2V EQU  >F0         ADC data second threshold - if value equal to or
*                        above this then target close enough to trigger
*                        shaking the money tin.
SCANIE  EQU  10          Number of steps at the extremities of the sensor scan
*                        for which to ignore the data. If this value is 0, the
*                        data from all 26 sensor scan steps is checked for a
*                        target. If this value is 5, the data from the
*                        left-most and right-most 5 sensor scan steps from the
*                        left and right sensors are not checked for a target.
*                        (I only put this in because in my little 'computer
*                        corner' the sensors kept triggering off the curtains,
*                        so I needed to narrow the sensor range.)
MEYETHV EQU 3            Difference required between eye horizontal and
*                        vertical required positions and current positions in
*                        order to move the eye. This stops the eye motors from
*                        making very small movements after each sensor sweep.


*******
*Start.
*******

        AORG >2000

        LWPI WSREG       Load workspace.

******************************************************************************
*Set up TMS9901 and initialise motor positions. Bring sensor to start of arc.
*The assumed motor start positions is for the middle sensor to be facing
*forwards, the eye to be facing forwards, and the money tin level.
******************************************************************************

        LI   R12,>100    Base address of TMS9901.

        LI   R1,M1STEPS/2  Middle sensor is initially facing forwards at
        MOV  R1,@M1STPOS   centre of arc.

        LI   R1,M2STEPS/2  Eye is initially facing forwards horizontally at
        MOV  R1,@M2STPOS   centre of arc.
        MOV  R1,@M2TGPOS

        LI   R1,M3STEPS/2  Eye is initially facing forwards vertically at
        MOV  R1,@M3STPOS   centre of arc.

        LI   R1,M4STEPS/2  Money tin is initially level.
        MOV  R1,@M4STPOS

        SBZ  22          Set sensor motor STEP low.

SNSMTR1 BL   @M1CW       Step sensor motor clockwise.
        DEC  @M1STPOS    Decrement sensor motor step position.
        JNE  SNSMTR1     Repeat until sensor is at start of arc.

******************************************************************************
*Main loop - repeatedly sweep sensors, read sensors, and process the data at
*the end of each sweep. While sweeping sensors, also move eye if needed such
*that the sensors and eye move at the same time and the same rate.
******************************************************************************

*Sweep sensor from start of arc.

ML01    BL   @M1ACW      Step sensor motor one step anticlockwise.

        BL   @READADC    Select left sensor ADC mux channel and read ADC.
        DATA MUXIPSL
        DATA SRDATA

        BL   @READADC    Select middle sensor ADC mux channel and read ADC.
        DATA MUXIPSM
        DATA SRDATA+M1STEPS

        BL   @READADC    Select right sensor ADC mux channel and read ADC.
        DATA MUXIPSR
        DATA SRDATA+M1STEPS+M1STEPS

*Move eye motors if needed.

        BL   @MOVEYE

*Reached end of arc?

        INC  @M1STPOS    Increment sensor motor step position.
        MOV  @M1STPOS,R1
        CI   R1,M1STEPS  Reached end of arc?
        JNE  ML01        No, step again.

*Sensor at end of arc. Process ADC data.

        BL   @PRADCDT    Process data.

*Return sensor to start of arc.

ML02    BL   @M1CW       Step sensor motor one step clockwise.

        DEC  @M1STPOS    Decrement sensor motor step position before writing
*                        to buffer.

        BL   @READADC    Select left sensor ADC mux channel and read ADC.
        DATA MUXIPSL
        DATA SRDATA

        BL   @READADC    Select middle sensor ADC mux channel and read ADC.
        DATA MUXIPSM
        DATA SRDATA+M1STEPS

        BL   @READADC    Select right sensor ADC mux channel and read ADC.
        DATA MUXIPSR
        DATA SRDATA+M1STEPS+M1STEPS

*Move eye motors if needed.

        BL   @MOVEYE

*Reached start of arc?

        MOV  @M1STPOS,@M1STPOS  Reached start of arc?
        JNE  ML02        No, step again.

*Sensor at start of arc. Process ADC data.

        BL   @PRADCDT    Process data.

*Sweep arc again.

        JMP  ML01

*******************************************************
*Subroutine: Sensor motor (motor 1) one step clockwise.
*******************************************************

M1CW    SBO  21          Set sensor motor DIR high (clockwise).

M1CW1   LI   R9,8        Number of microsteps per step.

M1CW2   SBO  22          Set sensor motor STEP high to initiate step.
        SBZ  22          Reset STEP.

        LI   R10,MSTPDLY  Delay between micro STEP pulses.
M1CW3   DEC  R10
        JNE  M1CW3

        DEC  R9          Done all microsteps?
        JNE  M1CW2       No, loop.

        B    *R11        Yes, return.

***********************************************************
*Subroutine: Sensor motor (motor 1) one step anticlockwise.
***********************************************************

M1ACW   SBZ  21          Set sensor motor DIR low (anticlockwise).

        JMP  M1CW1       Use rest of clockwise routine.

***************************************************************
*Subroutine: Eye horizontal motor (motor 2) one step clockwise.
***************************************************************

M2CW    SBO  19          Set eye horizontal motor DIR high (clockwise).

M2CW1   LI   R9,8        Number of microsteps per step.

M2CW2   SBO  20          Set eye horizontal motor STEP high to initiate step.
        SBZ  20          Reset STEP.

        LI   R10,MINMDLY  Minimum delay between micro STEP pulses.
M2CW3   DEC  R10
        JNE  M2CW3

        DEC  R9          Done all microsteps?
        JNE  M2CW2       No, loop.

        B    *R11        Yes, return.

*******************************************************************
*Subroutine: Eye horizontal motor (motor 2) one step anticlockwise.
*******************************************************************

M2ACW   SBZ  19          Set eye horizontal motor DIR low (anticlockwise).

        JMP  M2CW1       Use rest of clockwise routine.

*************************************************************
*Subroutine: Eye vertical motor (motor 3) one step clockwise.
*************************************************************

M3CW    SBO  17          Set eye vertical motor DIR high (clockwise).

M3CW1   LI   R9,8        Number of microsteps per step.

M3CW2   SBO  18          Set eye vertical motor STEP high to initiate step.
        SBZ  18          Reset STEP.

        LI   R10,MINMDLY  Minimum delay between micro STEP pulses.
M3CW3   DEC  R10
        JNE  M3CW3

        DEC  R9          Done all microsteps?
        JNE  M3CW2       No, loop.

        B    *R11        Yes, return.

*****************************************************************
*Subroutine: Eye vertical motor (motor 3) one step anticlockwise.
*****************************************************************

M3ACW   SBZ  17          Set eye vertical motor DIR low (anticlockwise).

        JMP  M3CW1       Use rest of clockwise routine.

**********************************************************
*Subroutine: Money tin motor (motor 4) one step clockwise.
**********************************************************

M4CW    SBO  23          Set eye vertical motor DIR high (clockwise).

M4CW1   LI   R9,8        Number of microsteps per step.

M4CW2   SBO  24          Set eye vertical motor STEP high to initiate step.
        SBZ  24          Reset STEP.

        LI   R10,MTINDLY  Delay between micro STEP pulses.
M4CW3   DEC  R10
        JNE  M4CW3

        DEC  R9          Done all microsteps?
        JNE  M4CW2       No, loop.

        B    *R11        Yes, return.

**************************************************************
*Subroutine: Money tin motor (motor 4) one step anticlockwise.
**************************************************************

M4ACW   SBZ  23          Set eye vertical motor DIR low (anticlockwise).

        JMP  M4CW1       Use rest of clockwise routine.

***************************************************************
*Subroutine: Select ADC mux channel and read ADC.
***************************************************************
*First byte after BL call is the mux channel number.
*Second byte after BL call is the ADC data buffer base address.
***************************************************************

READADC MOV  *R11+,@ADCBA+>8  Select sensor ADC mux channel.

        LI   R1,>0080    ADC input requires time to settle to avoid spurious
READA03 DEC  R1          high values.
        JNE  READA03

        SETO @ADCBA+>A   Send convert command to ADC (write any data).
READA01 INV  @ADCBA+>C   Check status for end of conversion.
        JLT  READA01     Loop until ready.

        MOV  @ADCBA+>E,R1  Read word of data from ADC.
        CI   R1,>0100    Object close to sensor and giving a sensor reading
*                        greater than >FF?
        JL   READA02     No, jump.
        LI   R1,>00FF    Yes, limit sensor reading to a single byte.

READA02 SWPB R1          Move sensor reading into MS byte.

        MOV  *R11+,R2    Get ADC buffer base address.
        A    @M1STPOS,R2  Add step position.
        MOVB R1,*R2      Store sensor reading in buffer.

        B    *R11        Return.

******************************
*Subroutine: Process ADC data.
******************************

PRADCDT MOV  R11,@SAVR11  Save return address.

        LI   R1,M2STEPS/2  Initially assume no target detected. Face eye
        MOV  R1,@M2TGPOS   forwards at centre of arc.

        LI   R1,M3STEPS/2
        MOV  R1,@M3TGPOS

*Go through data and cancel any spurious single >FF values which sometimes
*occur.

        CLR  R1

CANCFF  CB   @SRDATA(R1),@BFF  Is sensor value >FF?
        JNE  CANCFF1     No, jump.
        CB   @SRDATA+1(R1),@BFF  Yes, is the next sensor value also >FF?
        JEQ  CANCFF1     Yes, so have at least two sensor >FF values, so
*                        consider this OK.
        MOVB @SRDATA+1(R1),@SRDATA(R1)  No, replace spurious >FF sensor value
*                                       with next value.

CANCFF1 INC  R1          Next sensor value.
        CI   R1,M1STEPS*3-1  Examined all sensor values except the last one?
        JNE  CANCFF      No, jump.

*Find if, and where, sensor value exceeds threshold for target detection.

        CLR  @SRDMAX     Clear maximum sensor reading for this scan. Reading
*                        stored in LS byte.

        LI   R1,SCANIE   Initialise step counter for where sensor value
*                        exceeds threshold.
        CLR  R2          Initialise step counter at which sensor value falls
*                        below threshold.

PADCDT1 CB   @SRDATA(R1),@THRESH1  Target detected at this step position?
        JHE  PADCDT2     Yes, jump.
        INC  R1          No, check next step.
PADCDT9 CI   R1,M1STEPS*3-SCANIE  Examined each step?
        JNE  PADCDT1     No, loop.
        JMP  PADCDT6     Yes, no target detected.

PADCDT2 MOV  R1,R2       Carry on checking data from where target detected.
PADCDT3 CB   @SRDATA(R2),@THRESH1  Target still detected at this step position?
        JL   PADCDT4     No, jump.

        CB   @SRDATA(R2),@SRDMAX+1  Sensor reading above previous maximum?
        JLE  PADCDT5     No, jump.
        MOVB @SRDATA(R2),@SRDMAX+1  Yes, save new maximum sensor reading.

PADCDT5 INC  R2          Yes, check next step.
        CI   R2,M1STEPS*3-SCANIE  Examined remaining steps?
        JNE  PADCDT3     No, loop.

*Check that the number of steps across which the target was detected is above
*the minimum to be considered valid.

PADCDT4 MOV  R2,R3       Copy sensor step at which target lost.
        S    R1,R2       Find number of steps across which target detected.
*                        Result in R2.

        CI   R2,MINSTPS  Target detected across the minimum number of steps to
*                        be considered valid?
        JGT  PADCDT8     Yes, jump.
        MOV  R3,R1       No, continue scanning from point where target lost.
        JMP  PADCDT9

*Target detected and considered valid. Check if the target is close enough to
*shake the money tin.

PADCDT8 SRL  R2,1        Divide number of steps across which target detected
*                        by two to find centre point.
        A    R1,R2       Add to where target initially found.

        XOP  @TXTTC,14   Print where target centre is and what the maximum
        XOP  R2,10       sensor reading was (for debugging).
        XOP  @TXTTD,14
        XOP  @SRDMAX,10
        XOP  @CRLF,14

        CB   @SRDMAX+1,@THRESH2  Is sensor reading less than the threshold to
*                                trigger shaking the money tin?
        JL   PADCD12     Yes, jump to calculate target position details.

*Shake money tin.

        MOV  @MTAFLG,@MTAFLG  Is flag set to indicate the money tin has
*                             already been shaken?
        JNE  PADCD15      Yes, skip shaking tin until flag reset when target
*                         moves away.

        MOV  @M2STPOS,@SEYEH  Save eye current horizontal position.
        MOV  @M3STPOS,@SEYEV  Save eye current vertical position.

        SETO @MEYEHF      Set flag to enable eye horizontal motor to move.
        SETO @MEYEVF      Set flag to enable eye vertical motor to move.

        LI   R1,M2STEPS/2  Move eye to face forwards horizontally at centre
        MOV  R1,@M2TGPOS   of arc.

        CLR  @M3TGPOS     Move eye to face down vertically.

        LI   R1,M1STEPS*3  Maximum number of steps the motors might have to
*                          move to point the eye in the required direction.

PADCD13 BL   @MOVEYE     Move eye.

        LI   R2,MSTPDLY-MINMDLY*8  Delay such that the eye moves now at the
PADCD14 DEC  R2                    same speed it did when the sensor was also
        JNE  PADCD14               moving.

        DEC  R1          Looped the maximum number of steps that the eye
*                        might have to have moved?
        JNE  PADCD13     No, loop.

        BL   @SHAKMT     Shake tin.

        MOV  @SEYEH,@M2TGPOS  Restore previous eye horizontal position as the
*                             position to go back to.
        MOV  @SEYEV,@M3TGPOS  Restore previous eye vertical position as the
*                             position to go back to.

        SETO @MTAFLG     Set flag to indicate money tin has been shaken.

        JMP  PADCDT6     Jump to return to scanning routine.

*Target not close enough to shake money tin. Calculate and store target
*position details.

PADCD12 CLR  @MTAFLG     Set flag for target not close enough to shake money
*                        tin.

PADCD15 MOV  R2,@M2TGPOS Store target centre position for eye horizontal
*                        motor.

        MOV  @SRDMAX,R2  Get maximum sensor reading. This should be in the
*                        range ~96 to ~224.
        AI   R2,-96      Subtract 96 to determine how far above the minimum
*                        range the target is.
        JGT  PADCD10     If result has gone negative, reset to zero.
        CLR  R2
PADCD10 CLR  R1          Clear R1 in preparation for divide.
        DIV  @EYEVDIV,R1  Divide R1/R2 to give step position above horizontal
*                         for eye vertical motor. Integer result in R1,
*                         remainder in R2.
        AI   R1,M3STEPS/2  Add step position when eye horizontal.
        MOV  R1,@M3TGPOS  Store step position for eye vertical motor.

*Set flags to control the eye motor movement. Only move the eye in each plane
*if the target position is different to the current position by a threshold
*value. This stops the eye motors from making very small movements after each
*sensor sweep.

        SETO @MEYEHF      Initially assume eye horizontal motor is to move.

        MOV  @M2TGPOS,R1  Get the eye horizontal motor target position.
        S    @M2STPOS,R1  Subtract from it the eye horizontal motor current
*                         position.
        ABS  R1           Ensure the value is positive.
        CI   R1,MEYETHV   Compare with the movement threshold value.
        JGT  PADCD11      Jump if difference in positions is above threshold.
        CLR  @MEYEHF      Difference is below threshold. Set flag to inhibit
*                         eye horizontal motor movement.

PADCD11 SETO @MEYEVF      (As above but for the eye vertical motor)

        MOV  @M3TGPOS,R1
        S    @M3STPOS,R1
        ABS  R1
        CI   R1,MEYETHV
        JGT  PADCDT6
        CLR  @MEYEVF

PADCDT6 MOV  @SAVR11,R11  Restore return address.
        B    *R11        Return.

**********************
*Subroutine: Move eye.
**********************

MOVEYE  MOV  R11,@SAVR112  Save return address.

*Move eye horizontally.

        MOV  @MEYEHF,@MEYEHF  Check if flag is set to inhibit eye horizontal
*                             motor movement.
        JEQ  MOVEY01     Flag is set, jump.

        C    @M2TGPOS,@M2STPOS  Compare eye horizontal target position with
*                               current position.
        JEQ  MOVEY01     If equal, exit.
        JGT  MOVEY02     Target position higher than current position. Jump
*                        to move one step anticlockwise.

        BL   @M2CW       Target position must be lower than current position.
*                        Move one step clockwise.
        DEC  @M2STPOS    Update motor step position.
        JMP  MOVEY01

MOVEY02 BL   @M2ACW      Move one step anticlockwise.
        INC  @M2STPOS    Update motor step position.

*Move eye vertically.

MOVEY01 MOV  @MEYEVF,@MEYEVF  Check if flag is set to inhibit eye vertical
*                             motor movement.
        JEQ  MOVEY03     Flag is set, jump.

        C    @M3TGPOS,@M3STPOS  Compare eye vertical step position required
*                               with current position.
        JEQ  MOVEY03     If equal, exit.
        JGT  MOVEY04     Required position higher than current position. Jump
*                        to move one step clockwise.

        BL   @M3ACW      Required position must be lower than current
*                        position. Move one step anticlockwise.
        DEC  @M3STPOS    Update motor step position.
        JMP  MOVEY03

MOVEY04 BL   @M3CW       Move one step anticlockwise.
        INC  @M3STPOS    Update motor step position.

MOVEY03 MOV  @SAVR112,R11  Restore return address.
        B    *R11        Return.

*****************************
*Subroutine: Shake money tin.
*****************************

SHAKMT  MOV  R11,@SAVR112  Save return address.

SHAKMT1 BL   @M4CW       Move money tin from the initial level position to the
*                        start of the arc.
        DEC  @M4STPOS
        JNE  SHAKMT1

        LI   R1,3        Number of times to shake tin.

SHAKMT2 BL   @M4ACW      Money tin motor one step anticlockwise.
        INC  @M4STPOS    Increment money tin motor step position.
        MOV  @M4STPOS,R2
        CI   R2,M4STEPS  Reached end of arc?
        JNE  SHAKMT2     No, step again.

SHAKMT3 BL   @M4CW       Money tin motor one step clockwise.
        DEC  @M4STPOS    Decrement money tin motor step position.
        JNE  SHAKMT3     Reached start of arc? No, step again.

        DEC  R1          Shaken can the required number of times?
        JNE  SHAKMT2     No, jump.

SHAKMT4 BL   @M4ACW      Money tin motor one step anticlockwise.
        INC  @M4STPOS    Increment money tin motor step position.
        MOV  @M4STPOS,R2
        CI   R2,M4STEPS/2  Tin level again?
        JNE  SHAKMT4     No, step again.

        MOV  @SAVR112,R11  Restore return address.
        B    *R11        Return.

**************************
*Workspace, text and data.
**************************

WSREG   BSS  32          Workspace registers.
SAVR11  DATA 0           Saved return address.
SAVR112 DATA 0           Saved return address.

M1STPOS DATA 0           Sensor motor step position.
M2STPOS DATA 0           Eye horizontal motor step position.
M2TGPOS DATA 0           Target position for eye horizontal motor.
M3STPOS DATA 0           Eye vertical motor step position.
M3TGPOS DATA 0           Target position for eye vertical motor.
M4STPOS DATA 0           Money tin motor step position.

MEYEHF  DATA 0           Flags. When set to >FFFF, allow eye to move
MEYEVF  DATA 0           horizontally and vertically. Flags set/cleared at the
*                        end of each sensor sweep.

MTAFLG  DATA 0           Money tin activated flag. Used to stop the money tin
*                        being repetitively shaken if a target stays close to
*                        the sensors.

SRDATA  BSS  M1STEPS*3   Sensor data buffer. Number of scan steps times three
*                        for the three sensors.
SRDMAX  DATA 0           Maximum sensor reading from a scan if a target has
*                        been detected. Stored in LS byte.
THRESH1 BYTE THRSH1V     ADC data threshold - if value above this then target
*                        assumed detected.
THRESH2 BYTE THRSH2V     ADC data second threshold - if value above this then
*                        target is close enough to trigger shaking the money
*                        tin.
EYEVDIV DATA 4           Divisor for sensor reading to give eye vertical step
*                        position.

SEYEH   DATA 0           Saved eye horizontal position when shaking money tin.
SEYEV   DATA 0           Saved eye vertical position when shaking money tin.

B00     BYTE 0
BFF     BYTE >FF

TXTTC   TEXT 'Target centre at step >'
        BYTE 0
TXTTD   TEXT ' and maximum sensor reading was >'
        BYTE 0

CRLF    BYTE >0D,>0A
        BYTE 0

        END

TM 990/510 4-Slot Backplane PCBs Available

I now have remanufactured TM 990/510 4-slot backplane PCBs available, as these were very hard to find and there is not too much you can do with a TM 990 system without one. The backplane PCBs are meant for home/hobby use only; they’re not designed or manufactured to any sort of commercial standard or specification. The hardware documentation is available here.

The backplane PCB is 2mm thick, with silk screen and solder mask. I’ve added +5V, +12V and -12V power status LEDs to the original design.

To complete the boards you'll need a set of 4 connectors (available from Digikey) plus some resistors and LEDs.

Contact me at ti99@stuartconner.me.uk if you are interested in buying one.

tm 990/510 rear view  tm 990/510 front view

Other Interesting Bits

tm 990/102
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a TM 990/102 extended memory CPU module. The module uses a 3 MHz TMS 9900 processor, has 128K bytes of on-board dynamic RAM and supports up to 16K bytes of EPROM. Memory can be expanded off-board up to 1M byte. The 40-pin IC bottom left is a TMS 9901 programmable systems interface chip, the centre 40-pin IC is a 74LS610 memory mapper (expands the 16-bit address bus to 20 bits), and the 40-pin IC on the right is a TMS 4500 dynamic RAM refresh controller. The module has a single serial I/O port. This module was listed on the eBay store Microwavetechnology in June 2011.
tm 990/180
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a TM 990/180M module. This module uses a 2.5 MHz TMS 9980 processor, which supports up to 16K bytes of memory. Up to 4K bytes of EPROM and 1K byte of RAM can be fitted on-board. This module was listed on the eBay store Vintage Processors in June 2011.
tm 990/100mb
tm 990/100mb
(click on images for larger photos)
This is a TM 990/100MB module. It is similar to the TM 990/100MA module with the prototyping area but supports up to 8K byte RAMs and EPROMs. This module was listed on the eBay store Moses B Glick LLC in June 2016.
tm 990/202
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a TM 990/202 memory expansion module.  The module is user-configurable and features two banks of eight sockets each, and can be fitted with various combinations of 4016 (2K × 8) static RAMs or 2516 (2K × 8), 2532 (4K × 8) or 2564 (8K × 8) EPROMs. The module supports 16- or 20-bit host-memory addressing and configurable wait states. This module was listed on the eBay store expertsurplus in November 2019.
tm 990/203a
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a TM 990/203A memory expansion module that provides 64K bytes of TMS 4116 dynamic RAM. The module decodes both 16- and 20-bit addresses, with the upper and lower boundaries being selectable by DIP switches on 4K byte boundaries. The module can be configured to generate an interrupt in the event of a parity error. The interrupt is cleared by writing to a configurable CRU address. The DRAM refresh can be configured to transparent mode or cycle steal mode through a jumper. This module was listed on the eBay store Microwavetechnology in June 2011.
tm 990/204
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a TM 990/204 memory expansion module that provides 16K bytes of battery-backed CMOS RAM.  The module includes a write protect switch and configurable wait states. This module was listed on the eBay store expertsurplus in November 2019.
tm 990/303b
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a TM 990/303B floppy disk controller module. It supports up to four 8 1/2" or three 5 1/4" drives, single-sided only, single or double density. The controller module is intelligent, having its own on-board TMS 9900 processor, with a direct memory access (DMA) interface to the host bus. It supports 20-bit host-memory addressing and stores and retrieves data using high-speed DMA transfers. Controller firmware is in the on-board EPROMs, and includes the features: controller self test, read and write to/from diskette and host memory, bootstrap load from diskette software, format diskette, execute program in controller memory, and read status of specified drive. This module was listed on the eBay store expertsurplus in November 2019. Siemens also made a version of this module (Siemens continued the TM 990 range of modules after Texas Instruments discontinued them).
tm 990/310
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a TM 990/310 parallel input/output module. The module has 48 I/O bits, individually programmable as inputs or outputs, implemented through three TMS 9901 programmable systems interface chips. 27 of the bits may be programmed as interrupt inputs rather than inputs or outputs, with the interrupt priority encoding scheme permitting the module to be used as an interrupt expander for a processor module. The CRU base address is switch-selectable. This module was listed on the eBay store Pneumatplus in June 2011.
tm 990/311
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a TM 990/311 parallel input/output module. The module has 48 I/O bits, organised into 8-bit blocks. Each block is programmable as input or output. Two blocks make up a port, and each port has its own unique switch-selectable CRU base address. This module was listed on the eBay store Microwavetechnology in June 2011.
power fail rtc module 1
power fail rtc module 2
 
These two pictures are of a TM 990 Power Fail and Real-Time Clock (RTC) module used in Varian semiconductor manufacturing equipment, which used a number of TM 990 modules. Not sure if this module is manufactured by TI or a third party. This module was listed on the eBay store Semiconductor Equipment Spares in May 2008.
tm990 Fujitsu 64KB bubble memory module
tm990 Fujitsu 512KB bubble memory module
(click on images for larger photos)
These are TM 990 64K byte and 512K byte bubble memory modules made by Fujitsu. These are from systems used in the early 1980's by a German textile machinery manufacturer.
tm990 MEN replacement CPU module
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a replacement CPU module made by MEN Mikro Elektronik GmbH of Nuremberg, Germany. This was used by the same machinery manufacturer as the two bubble memory modules above. The module has four serials ports and a RTC/calendar, as well as the obvious sockets for RAM and ROM.
tm990 Thermco Secs Communications module
(click on image for larger photo)
RAM, ROM and twin serial port TM 990 board by Thermco Systems, who make semiconductor manufacturing equipment. Several of these modules were listed on the eBay store 602systech437az010021 in July 2016.
tm990 MEN replacement CPU module
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a copy made by Varian Associates, Inc. of a TI TM 990/101MB module, and is used in their Varian 120/160/180 XP ion implanter equipment. The module is nearly identical to the TI version, but has an additional 74LS00 at the top left of the PCB, presumably to replace the modification they had to make to TI's version of the board (a couple of tracks cut and jumper wires soldered on) to incorporate the Timekeeper RAM into the processor memory map. There is also an additional 3-pin jumper next to the TMS 9901. All the ICs on the PCB are socketed. This module was listed on eBay by user radioman95125 in November 2016.
tm990/101MB-3 module fitted with memory expansion board
(click on image for larger photo)
This is a TM 990/101MB-3 module fitted with a memory expansion board. The expansion board has the TI logo on it so it might be a TI original part. This module was listed on eBay by user gelogistics in September 2017.

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